- #MAKING CRACK WITH LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE UPDATE#
- #MAKING CRACK WITH LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE SKIN#
See ' Complications Associated With Use of Levamisole-Contaminated Cocaine: An Emerging Public Health Challenge '. There are no studies yet on its effects when inhaled/vaporized. It is a dewormer and carries over when cocaine hcl is turned into freebase or crack. Finally, a risk assessment is provided based on the current level of levamisole adulteration in street cocaine, the dose range calculated per gram and the pattern of chronic exposure in heavy or dependent users.Īdverse effects Agranulocytosis Cocaine Levamisole Neutropenia Risk assessment Vasculitis. Levamisole is found in the majority of cocaine samples. Special emphasis is put on the immunopathology and the dose-effect relationship of chronic levamisole exposure.
#MAKING CRACK WITH LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE UPDATE#
In addition, this review provides an update of the pharmacology of levamisole, its metabolism, including toxic metabolites and metabolites that are relevant for levamisole's addition to cocaine. In this review, all adverse effects associated with therapeutic levamisole and levamisole-adulterated cocaine are described. Another complication reported with levamisole-adulterated cocaine is leukoencephalopathy, a disabling and potentially fatal neurological disorder caused by cerebral demyelination. Females are more susceptible for both agranulocytosis and vasculitis.
#MAKING CRACK WITH LEVAMISOLE HYDROCHLORIDE SKIN#
A large proportion of cases also involved vasculopathy, characterized by pronounced black and purple skin purpura with cutaneous necrosis. Mostly, neutropenia and agranulocytosis were reported, characterized by a decimation of neutrophils.
An accumulating body of clinical and toxicological literature has appeared since 2010 describing neutropenia, agranulocytosis, leukoencephalopathy and vasculitis in cases associated with levamisole-adulterated cocaine. The immunomodulatory adjuvant and antihelminth levamisole is increasingly used as an adulterant in cocaine worldwide.
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